A Vedic Grammar for Students
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CORRECTIONS
CHAPTER I
1. Vedic
2. The Hymns
3. The Sounds of Vedic language
4. The simple vowels
5. Vowel gradation
6. The Consonants
7. The palatals
8. The cerebrals
9. The dentals
10. The Nasals
11. The semivowels
12. The sibilants
13. The breathing h
14. Voicless spirants
15. Ancient pronunciation
Chapter II
16. Rules of Sandhi or Euphonic combination of sounds
17. Vowels are Divided
18. Combination Of Final And Initial Vowels
19. a and ā
20. The Simple Consonantal Vowels
21. The Guṇa Vowels e and o
22. The Vṛiddhi Vowels
23. Irregular Vowel Sandhi
24. Absence of Vowel Sandhi
25. The Ī and ū
26. The Dipthong e
27. Combination of final and initial Consonants
28. Single consonant may be final
29. Classification of consonants
30. Quality of Consonants
31. Essential to Remember
32. Final Consonants
33. k,t,t,p
34. Final t
35. Since the nasals
36. The dental nasal
37. The only four
38. Final t before palatals
39. Final n before vowels
40. Final n before all palatals
41. Final m remains
42. Final m before consonants
43. Final Visarjaniya
44. Visarjaniya (except)
45. The final syllable āḥ
46. The final syllable aḥ
47. r followed by r
48. The three pronouns
49. Sandhi in compounds
50. Compounds
51. Doubling of Consonants
52. final ṅ
53. Initial ś
54. Initial h
55. if gh
56. The rules of internal sandhi
57. In many cases
58. Final ṛ
59. e, ai, o
60. The most notable divergence
61. Nominal or verbal
62. Aspirates
63. Palatals
64. Cerebrals
65. Change of dental n to cerebral ṇ
66. The dental n
67. Change of dental s to cerebral ṣ
68. The labial m
69. The breathing h
Chapter III
70. Declension
71. Normal Case Endings
72. An important distinction
73. The strong stem
74. Nouns
75. Unchangeable stems
76. Final consonants
77. Stems in Dentals
78. Stems in Labials
79. Stems in Palatals
80. Stems in Cerebrals
81. Stems in h
82. Stems in r
83. Stems in s
84. Changeable stems
85. Nouns with two stems
86. The adjective stems
87. Adjectives formed with the suffix
88. Comparative
89. Nouns with Three Stems
90. Nouns
91. Irregular stem
92. The root
93. adjectives in anc
94. The points to be noted
95. The feminines
96. Irregular nouns with changeable stems
97. Stems ending in vowels
98. Stems in i and u
99. Irregularities
100. Stems in ī and ū
101. Stems in ṛ
102. Stems in ai, o, au
103. Degree of comparison
104. Numerals
105. Declension of cardinals
106. Cardinals from five to nineteen
107. Ordinals
108. Numeral Adverbs and other Derivatives
109. Pronouns
110. Demonstrative Pronouns
111. Pronominal roots
112. The demonstrative corresponding
113. Interrogative Pronoun
114. Relative pronoun
115. Reflexive pronouns
116. Passive Pronouns
117. Prominal compounds and derivatives
118. With ti derivatives
119. Indefinite pronouns
120. Prominal Adjectives
Chapter IV
121. Vedic verbs
122. Five tenses
123. The Present system
124. The Eight classes
125. First Conjugation
126. Second Conjugation
127. The Second or root
128. The Augment
129. Reduplication
130. Special rule of Reduplication for the Third class
131. Terminations
132. Paradigms
133. Irregularities of the present stem
134. Second or root class
135. The perfect tense
136. The singular perfect active is strong
137. The weak stem
138. Paradigms of the Reduplicated perfect
139. Irregularities
140. Moods of the perfect
141. Aorist
142. The other three forms
143. Second or s-form
144. Irregularities of the s-form
145. Third or iṣ form
146. Fourth or siṣ form
147. Second aorist
148. Second form : Root aorist
149. Third or Reduplicated form
150. Benedictive or Precative
151. Simple Future
152. Periphrastic Future
153. Conditional
154. Passive
155. Aorist Passive
156. Participles, Grund and Infinitive
157. Reduplicated perfect
158. Middle and passive participles
159. Perfect middle participle
160. Perfect passive
161. There is once found in the AV
162. The future passive participle
163. Gerund or indeclinable participle
164. Verb is compounded
165. tya is added
166. The accusative in am
167. Infinitive
168. Derivative verbs
169. Desideratives
170. Special rule of Reduplication
171. Irregularities
172. Intensives Frequentatives
173. Radical i and u are reduplicated
174. The radical vowel
175. Denominatives
Chapter V
176. Indeclinable words
177. Adnominal prepostitions
178. Adverbial case-forms
179. Adverbs formed with suffixes
180. Conjunctive and Adverbial Particles
181. Interjections
Chapter VI
182. Nominal stem formation and compounds
183. List of suffixes
184. Verbal Compounds
185. Nominal Compounds
186. Co-ordinative Compounds
187. Dependent Determinatives
188. Descriptive Compounds
189. Possessive Compounds
Chapter VII
190. Outlines of syntax
191. The Order of words
192. The Article
193. Number
194. Concord
195. Pronouns
196. The Cases
197. Accusative
198. Double Accisative
199. Instrumental
200. Dative
201. Ablative
202. Genitive
203. Locative
204. The loc. is connected with different classes of words
205. Locative and Genitive absolute
206. Participles
207. Present Participles
208. The past participle
209. Future Participles passive
210. Indeclinable participles
211. Infinitive
212. Tenses and moods
213. Past tenses
214. Future
215. Imperative
216. Optative or potential
217. Precative
218. Conditional
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
Vedic Index
General Index
CONTENTS
PREFACE
Chapter I
Chapter II
Chapter III
Chapter IV
Chapter V
Chapter VI
Chapter VII
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
Vedic Index
General Index
